Sauté Chicken: Heat olive oil in a large pot over medium-high heat. Add chicken pieces and cook until browned on all sides, about 5-7 minutes. Remove chicken from pot and set aside.
Sauté Garlic: In the same pot, add minced garlic and cook for 1-2 minutes until fragrant, being careful not to burn it.
Add Sauce and Broth: Return cooked chicken to the pot. Pour in marinara sauce and chicken broth. Stir to combine and bring mixture to a simmer.
Add Pasta and Seasonings: Stir in uncooked pasta and Italian seasoning. Season with salt and pepper to taste. Allow mixture to come to a gentle boil.
Simmer: Once boiling, reduce heat to low, cover pot, and let pasta simmer for about 15-20 minutes, stirring occasionally, until pasta is cooked al dente and sauce has thickened.
Add Cheese: Once pasta is cooked, stir in grated Parmesan cheese until melted and well combined.
Top with Mozzarella: Sprinkle shredded mozzarella cheese over the top of the pasta.
Finish Cooking: Cover pot again and let pasta sit for a few minutes until cheese is melted and bubbly.
Serve: Garnish with chopped fresh basil leaves, if desired, and serve One Pot Chicken Parmesan Pasta hot.